link:  evolution of conscience   (evolution of ethics as 'natural ethics'))

                  BIOLOGICAL APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF ETHICS:

                                         'EVOLUTION OF ETHICS' is a function of evolution of moral consciousness or 'conscience'

              "...what is missing is the 'evolution of ethics'!"  (Edward Wilson Sociobiology: p. 562)

theme: The question of evolution of ethics is a question not only for 'sociobiology' but for 'psychobiology'... because evolution of ethics as 'natural ethics' is a function of evolution of moral consciousness or 'conscience'.  Conscience is a biological mechanism which is the product of evolutionary processes.... conscience evolved through natural selection as a result of its survival value to the human organism's need to adapt to a complex social environment. Development of the human conscience is necessary for the survival of the human organism in a complex social environment and the human species in a complex intercultural environment.

human organism as a social organism...  hierarchy of human needs...  operative values...   evolutionary approach...   conscience as moral intelligence...  naturalistic valuing system...    emergent property of the brain...   self-actualisation...   metamotivation...   biological basis of virtue...

  Human organism as a social organism   biological basis of spiritual values... biology of ethics...  The understanding of the development of morality depends on the understanding of the human organism as a social organism. As a social organism, the human individual depends for survival on the proper functioning of the human brain - a 'social brain'. Survival of the human species depends on progress in moral science, on 'spiritual progress', on the instinct for human interconnectedness and human solidarity variously designated as 'human brotherhood' and 'universal love'.

With progress in moral science, people cooperate and help each other, people cooperate and work together, channeling their creative energies towards their own and each other's human needs.

Human values are rooted in human nature

 Evidence for biological basis of higher values or 'natural ethics'

human survival depends on communication via the spiritual life which incorporates the human values. Survival value of spiritual values: the spiritual values have a biological function. Spiritual values preserve the interconnectedness of human organism as a social organism.

 "At the 'higher' levels of consciousness, the individual lives by values which preserve the interconnectedness of human beings: justice, truth, beauty, freedom, generosity, love etc." The dichotomy 'selfishness vs. unselfishness' disappears. (Walsh Beyond Ego...)

 Survival of the individual and the species depends on a non-existent dichotomy selfish/unselfish.

 "Values are rooted in the very conditions of human existence; hence our knowledge of these conditions, that is, of the 'human situation', leads us to estabishing values which have objective validity; this validity exists only with regard to the existence of man; outside of him there are no values." (Erich Fromm. Values, Psychology, and Human Existence. Ed A. Maslow. New Knowledge in Human Values. New York: Harper Brothers 1959. p. 153)

  As the biological organismic valuing process is 'embedded' in the biologically based developmental process then the 'evolution of ethics' is a part of the evolution of growth and psychology of development. If morality is a function of intelligence and intelligence is a function of adaptation and survival in human evolution, then the 'evolution of ethics' is a term which refers to a significant part of human evolution generally - individual psychological development in terms of survival vlaue. Evolution of 'ethical' behavior could be explained in terms of a natural selection process. See Sumner's book Folkways (1927) which inspired Maslow to formulate his concept of instinctoid human nature etc..

Operative values The operative values are those values which make up the inner core of human nature. They are the biologically based 'instinctoid' values (Maslow Psychology of Being) inherent in the intrinsic yearnings and preferences of the organismic striving for self-actualization and self-transcendance. Operative values are related to the organism's inborn capacities and talents. They are indicated by preferences of behavior which lead to the fulfillment of basic physiological and psychological needs of the human organism. Denial or frustration of any of these needs, capacities or yearnings leads to psychopathology which can be manifested as 'evil'. Maslow concludes from his scientific study of human nature : "our deepest needs are not in themselves dangerous, evil or bad."

Morality is biologically based...the 'free spirit' - the moral being - is the purest expression of human nature.

 Significance of an evolutionary approach to the study of ethics Biological approach to the study of ethics  the biological principles which appear to be working reasonably well for animals can be extended to the social sciences (Wilson) Sociobiology is an extension of population biology and evolutionary theory to social organization. ... scientific analysis of the natural origins of human values....an understanding of human nature can be obtained from the combined perspectives of biology and the social sciences - anthropology, sociology, economics.  As the biological organismic valuing process is 'embedded' in the biologically based developmental process then the 'evolution of ethics' is a part of the evolution of growth and psychology of development. If morality is a function of intelligence and intelligence is a function of adaptation and survival in human evolution, then the 'evolution of ethics' is a term which refers to a significant part of human evolution generally - individual psychological development in terms of survival vlaue. Evolution of 'ethical' behavior could be explained in terms of a natural selection process. See Sumner Folkways (1927) which inspired Maslow to formulate his concept of 'instinctoid human nature' etc..

 the biological principles which appear to be working reasonably well for animals can be extended to the social sciences.. 'sociobiology'. Sociobiology is the systematic study of the biological basis of all forms of social behaviour.  Sociobiology is an extension of population biology and evolutionary theory to social organization. ...

  An evolutionary approach to the study of ethics involves scientIfic analysis of the natural origins of human values... altruism and other attributes of 'homo sapiens' i.e. 'human nature'.  Homo sapiens is an ethical species. The human being is an 'ethical being' and human nature is essentially ethical. Ethical human behaviour can be explained in terms of evolution through natural selection of values which are of survival value to the human organism as a social organism i.e. social values or 'human values'. Human values are 'operative values' embedded in the biological organismic valuing process of 'moral consciousness' or 'conscience'. Conscience is a biological phenomenon like growth, digestion and so on ... an understanding of human nature can be obtained from the combined perspectives of biology and the social sciences - anthropology, sociology, economics... and also the combined perspectives of biology and psychology or 'psychobiology'.   

Conscience is a function of moral intelligence  or 'morality'.

'Conscience' as moral intelligence... knowledge of 'right' and 'wrong'... 'intuition'...

Morality is a function of moral intelligence or 'social intelligence'.... an 'emergent property' of the human brain. The human brain is a 'social brain'. Development of the social brain is required for adaptation and survival of the human organism as a social organism. 

  Intelligence is the basis for adaptation and survival in human evolution.

in human evolution... then the 'evolution of ethics' is a term which refers to a significant part of human evolution generally. The 'evolution of ethics' is a component of the evolution of growth processes and the psychological  development. The process of individual psychological development can be explained in terms of survival value of intelligent and 'moral' or 'ethical' behavior. Explained in biological terms - in terms of the natural evolutionary process and natural selection - the origins of 'ethics' could be defined in terms of the evolution of ethics.

Conscience is an emergent property of the brain... a 'social brain'... 'triune brain'... (intuition and limbic system)

 The brain is a biological structure of extreme complexity... an organic system involving the transmission of electrochemical signals or 'nerve impulses' along nerve cells or 'neurons' and across their interconnections the 'synapses'. There are more than one hundred billion neuronsa a nd on each neuron there might be from several hundred to several tens of millions of synaptic connections. As a result of the behaviour of these elements of the brain, properties emerge as 'emergent properties' of the whole. An emergent property of a s ystem is one which can be explained by the behaviour of the elements of the system even though the elements themselves do not have that property...a clear example of an emergant property is the liquid property of water... though the water molecules themselves are not liquid, their chemical behaviour results in the liquid property of water. The property of 'liquidity' is an 'emergent property'.

One of the emergent properties of the brain is moral consciousness or 'conscience'.               

      Conscience is a biological mechanism which has the function of preserving integration of the personality...is the product of evolutionary processes.... conscience evolved through natural selection as a result of its survival value to the human organism's need to adapt to a complex social environment. Development of the human conscience has survival value for the human organism as a social organism which depends on intelligence for social adaptation i.e. 'social intelligence' which is 'moral intelligence'.

As an emergent property of the brain as a whole, the conscience must still be explained in terms of neural process. The questions to be answered are the following: what is the exact mechanism by which conscience results from neurological processes in the brain? How is conscience explained by physical processes such as transmission of nerve impulses along neurons and across  synapses?

 The conscience is formed by neuronal processes in the lower brain...dreams are a manifestation of the conscience... ...one's personal identity (intrinsic motivation, personal goals etc.) is the result of the behaviour of a vast assembly of nerve cells and their behaviour

 The individual is instinctively responsible to himself for his own potential development or 'self-actualisation'

This natural responsibility to his own biological and psychological existence and self-actualization constitutes the ethical value called 'virtue.'

The spiritual or value-life of the human organism is natural and fact based... legitimately qualified for scientific analysis.(Maslow).

The natural valuing process is a part of normal human development.

 Morality is a function of normal human development in the context of inner freedom. "Acting out of freedom includes the moral laws... on a higher level than those actions which are merely dictated by moral laws...We are human in the true sense only in so far as we are free.

Knowledge of oneself - self-knowledge - overcomes the division between the subjective self and the objective world. During normal growth and development - with self-knowledge- the individual "brings the concept of himself to expression in his outer existence."

Along with the basic psychological needs, the 'metaneeds' of the value-life - spiritual, ethical and moral values - are instinctive and have a biological basis. They are components of the biological life.

Motivation by the metaneds is 'metamotivation'  Motivation for the gratification of the 'metaneeds' of 'humanness' is 'metamotivation'. A full definition of the human organism, the person and the individual must include 'metamotivation' for gratification of the metaneeds. 'Metamotivation' is an intrinsic part of human nature.... biologically based and instinctive. ... the instinctive 'metaneeds' must be gratified in order to prevent 'illness' or 'metapathology' ... 'diminutions of humanness.' This notion lends itself to the potential transcendence of unnecessary dichotomies such as good and evil. Rather than belonging to a domain external to human nature, spiritual values and the value-life are components of the biological basis of human nature. The 'B-Values' are defined as truth, goodness, justice, beauty etc... 'Metamotivation' and the gratification of the 'metaneeds' for the 'B-Values' or value-life ...mutual exclusiveness implied in the dichotomy.

 Conscience as 'naturalistic valuing system'  Using a scientifically objective approach, it is possible to formulate a so-called 'science of ethics' a value system based on the natural laws of human nature and human existence. It requires an investigation into the real nature of the individual human being both as a member of the human species and as a unique specimen. As a member of the human species, each human being has a biologically inherited 'intrinsic conscience' based on the unconscious perception of his own human nature. In addition to the conscience, each individual has a unique potentiality manifested in a personal decision making process which is based on his own will, responsibility, strength, courage and needs.

Human needs... hierarchy in terms of urgency or 'prepotency'...  (see Abraham Maslow founder of transpersonal psyhology)

For the scientific formulation of a natural value system it is necessary first to make the distinction between 'higher' and 'lower' needs. Both 'higher' and 'lower' needs are shared by all members of the human species. The 'lower' needs include the basic physiological needs, the need for safety, the need for belongingness, the need for love and the need for respect. With varying strength in terms of urgency they are related to each other in a hierarchical fashion. The need for food is more pressing, more prepotent, than the need for safety, which in turn is more prepotent than the need for love etc. Also known as the 'deficit needs' ('D-needs'), the 'lower' needs rely on sources outside the individual and depend on other people for their gratification.

An individual makes personal decisions on the basis of the need which must be gratified before he can be motivated by another 'higher' need. He naturally makes decisions within the framework of an equivalent value system, that of the so-called 'deficit-values' ('D-values'). Motivated by deficiency needs, he can be described as 'deficiency motivated.' ('deficit motivation') He perceives other people in terms of their usefulness as sources of gratification for his need deficiencies rather than perceiving them in terms of their own intrinsic values. Dependent on other people, he must be flexible and responsive to their reactions. Thus relying on changeable factors in a non-reliable social environment, the deficiency motivated individual is prone to anxiety, to hostility and ultimately to a lack of freedom. His interpersonal relations are limited and interchangeable because they are based on need gratification. Once the individual has gratified his basic 'lower' needs during a normal growth process, he becomes less dependent on others for the gratification of the 'higher' needs for growth, creation and production, also known as 'Being needs' ('B-needs'). For gratification of the B-needs, the individual relies on his own inner resources. Making his personal decisions on the basis of B-needs, he naturally makes his choices within the framework of the equivalent value system, that of the 'Being-values' ('B-values'). Motivated by the Being needs for growth, he can be described as 'growth motivated'. The growth motivated individual becomes independent of other people for the gratification of his growth needs. Characteristically autonomous and self-sufficient, he experiences 'true' freedom and enjoys the pleasure of insight. He has the capacities characteristic of mature growth or 'self-actualisation': to make decisions in his 'true' self interest; to perceive other people in terms of their intrinsic qualities; to have a non-judgmental, non-interfering attitude towards others; to perceive reality holistically. His comprehensive understanding of other human beings forms the basis for his meaningful interpersonal relations.

BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF VIRTUE Those human attributes which are of value to the child in a social setting are the same attributes which we call 'virtues'. As a social organism, the child is happy in his work in a social environment in which the attributes for adaptation to the social environment... Virtues are of survival value to the social human organism. Virtues and the value life are of survival value and...biologically based. The philosophical analysis of 'virtue' becomes equivalent to the biological analysis of the social values which are of survival value to the organism. "the Science of Value' Robert Hartman in Maslow A.H. ed. 'New Knowledge in Human Values' Harper, 1959

Ethics is not the authoritarian conscience or 'superego' (internalized authority of father or society).

Ethics is a matter of 'humanistic conscience' ...the inner core of human values which is common to all human beings...the real and rational human conscience is the source of natural value judgements .. the inner core which is common to all human beings, our 'human nature' Evolution of ethics is a question for sociobiology.

 SOCIOBIOLOGY - THE SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF THE BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF ALL FORMS OF SOCIAL BEHAVIOR IN ALL KINDS OF ORGANISMS INCLUDING MAN...an understanding of human nature can result from the combined perspectives of biology and the social sciences.

SOCIOBIOLOGY: ON HUMAN NATURE genetic basis of ethical values, scientfic analysis of the natural origins of human values... evolutionary approach to the study of ethics...scientists and humanists should consider together the possibility that the time has come for ethics to be removed temporarily from the hands of the philosophers and bioligicized... Moral science or the 'science of value' ...the study of the biological development of 'morality'. ... evolution of ethics on the following basis... human virtues are the operative values of the human organism ... the human psychological needs for self-actualization and self-transcendance required for integration of the human personality and resulting in social responsibility...the human conscience is the biological mechanism for the integration of the human personality in a social enviroment... breakdown of the integration mechaniusm results in neurotic and psychotic human behaviour... evil human behaviour results from frustration of complete developnment of the human conscience...development of the human conscience requires environmental conditions...safety and emotional security whiuch comes from unconditional love...to foster growth ....

DEVELOPMENT OF CONSCIENCE definition of ethics .. universal human ethics: human values of human nature, naturalistic value system, organismic valuing process, humanistic ethics and humanistic conscience, morality as function of intelligence

SCIENCE OF ETHICS: HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND HUMAN VALUES VALUE SYSTEM (ETHICS) IN CULTURAL CONTEXT :

 free morality...FREEDOM OF CONSCIENCE :

Morality is a function of moral development. ..the development of morality ...moral development is a function of the development of the human 'conscience'. The human conscience is the human 'spirit' or 'soul'. The human conscience is the guardian of the integration of the human personality. The human conscience is the core of human values which have evolved through natural selection as a result of its survival value to the human organism's need to adapt to a complex social environment. The human conscience is a biologically based intrinsic valuing system which is developed as a protection for the integrated human organism. The human conscience is the result of evolutionary processes. The human organism depends on the conscience - the 'spirit - for survival of the individual organism and survival of the species.

 Conscience is the biological mechanism for maintenance of integration of the human personality in a complex social environment ...the human conscience is a free conscience... ...development of the human conscience depends on fulfillment of human needs for unconditional love, work etc. Development of the human conscience results in humanistic morality or 'free' morality as opposed to 'authoritarian morality' or moralism... Free morality is morality based on inner freedom. Development of free morality is a result of development with inner freedom. ...biological basis of the so-called higher values... human nature as the mature mind. Moral science ...is the science of moral development or development of 'morality'.

Morality is biologically based. The development of morality is the development of the natural valuing process which is a part of normal human development. The normal development of the natural valuing process results in the complete development of the human conscience. Development of the human conscience is a function of the integrated development of personality and character in the context of inner freedom. Morality is a function of normal human development in the context of inner freedom involves both intellectual and moral development. Moral development and intellectual development take place together.. Morality is a function of maturity and social intelligence. validity of humanistic ethics... knowedge of human nature does not lead to ethical relativism, but to the conviction that the sources of norms for ethical conduct are to be found in man's nature itself; that moral norms are based upon man's inherent qualities, and that their violation results in mental and emotional disintegration...the character structure of the mature and integrated personality, the 'productive' character, constitutes the source and the basis of 'virtue' and that 'vice,' in the last analysis is the indifference to one's own self and self-mutilation.'Self-love' and the affirmation of one's true self are the supreme values of humanistic ethics. If man is to have confidence in values, he must know himself and the capacity of his nature for goodness and productiveness. 'science of ethics': study of natural valuing process as a part of normal human development. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND HUMAN VALUES An individual's search for identity is essentially a search for his own intrinsic value system, his own authentic nature, his humanness, the human core which he shares with other members of the human species.

Intelligence is a human characteristic which evolved because it had survival value for the species. Survival of the organism and evolution of the human species depends on the development of intelligence. An essential condition of, and factor in, all intelligent human behaviour is the ability to prepare for possible action in situations which do not exist. Intelligent preparation for the future and future danger ...intelligent behaviour... is necessary for survival of a species which is not endowed with the other physical protective mechanisms of other animal species.... The human organism survives as a result of the specialized functions of its social brain...and the ability for learning, for speech and for tool making etc. for wholistic perspective of complete cognition...

...accurate evaluation of the social environment depends on fully developed...integrated personality with mature conscience... The science of value or moral science is the study of the human valuing process. The normal development of the natural valuing process results in the complete development of the human conscience. The biological function of virtues and the value life is the preservation of the integrity of the human being as a social organism.. The evolution of the human species as a social species is based on the survival value of 'social intelligence'. For survival, the human organism depends on the ability to evaluate correctly the social environment in order to make the right choices for survival. As a social organism, the human depends for survival on comprehension and correct evaluation of the realities of the social environment. Human behavior - moral and immoral - involves making decisions about a course of action previous to the action itself. The process of decision making is based on judgement and choice of values made antecedent to the decisions made and the actions taken. The situation in which the individual needs to make a judgement and choose a value is called a 'moral situation'. Survival of the human organism and the human species depends on the natural human capacity for cooperation with other individuals of the human species. The capacity for cooperation depends on the integration of the whole human personality. Survival of the human organism as a social organism depends on the fully integrated personality and fully developed human conscience. Fully developed conscience is the manifestation of the fully integrated personality. Conscience is the 'voice' of the natural intrinsic valuing process. Conscience is the guide for human behavior in a changing social environment. Darwinian evolutionary doctrine applied to human society: For all animal species the skills required for survival are instinctive and genetically transmitted. Survival of the human species depends on the genetic transmission of the instinctive capacities for creative intelligence and symbolic communication. Human evolution is based on the genetic transmission of cognitive and communicative skills: the ability to communicate with language, the ability to learn, the ability to think logically and creatively, the ability to plan with foresight, and the ability to behave intelligently. Creative intelligence is a human characteristic which evolved because it had survival value both for the individual and for the species. Survival of the organism and evolution of the human species depends on the development of natural creative intelligence. Survival of the species depends on intelligent behavior coupled with the ability for speech and language. The development of both intelligent behavior and language enables the organism to prepare in advance for situations which requires preparative measures to insure the survival of the organism and thus the survival of the species. If morality is a function of intelligence and intelligence is a function of adaptation and survival in human evolution, then the 'evolution of ethics' is a term which refers to a significant part of human evolution generally - individual psychological development in terms of survival vlaue. Evolution of 'ethical' behavior could be explained in terms of a natural selection process. ...the evolution of morality in accordance with basic biological needs and environmental contingencies by a process of natural selection... inborn biological necessity and basic human needs... human nature... involves both intellectual and moral development... Morality is a function of normal human development in the context of inner freedom... Morality is a function of intelligence ..Moral development and intellectual development take place together...'cognitive-developental theory of learning consciousness ... conscience is a biological phenomenon like growth, digestion and so on ... The aim of human development is happiness. Happiness is not the reward of virtue but is virtue itself. The human conscience is the core of human values, 'virtues', which have evolved through natural selection as a result of its survival value to the human organism's need to adapt to a complex social environment. Normal psychological growth involves the development of a natural valuing process which is manifest in the proper development of the human conscience. Of survival value to the human organism as a social organism, the human conscience evolved as a mechanism for the integration of personality and character in a changing social environment. The development of the intrinsic valuing process is a function of the development of the human conscience. (origin of the word... Latin 'knowledge within theself...)

 Evolution of ethics is a question for sociobiology. SOCIOBIOLOGY - THE SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF THE BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF ALL FORMS OF SOCIAL BEHAVIOR IN ALL KINDS OF ORGANISMS INCLUDING MAN...an understanding of human nature can result from the combined perspectives of biology and the social sciences. SOCIOBIOLOGY: ON HUMAN NATURE genetic basis of ethical values, scientfic analysis of the natural origins of human values... evolutionary approach to the study of ethics...scientists and humanists should consider together the possibility that the time has come for ethics to be removed temporarily from the hands of the philosophers and bioligicized... Moral science or the 'science of value' ...the study of the biological development of 'morality'. ... evolution of ethics on the following basis... human virtues are the operative values of the human organism ... the human psychological needs for self-actualization and self-transcendance required for integration of the human personality and resulting in social responsibility...the human conscience is the biological mechanism for the integration of the human personality in a social enviroment... breakdown of the integration mechaniusm results in neurotic and psychotic human behaviour... evil human behaviour results from frustration of complete developnment of the human conscience...development of the human conscience requires environmental conditions...safety and emotional security whiuch comes from unconditional love...to foster growth .... conscience required for decision making process of the organism...conscience as a system of human values...think in terms of virtues as responsibilitiy to the self...thus virtues are operative values of the human organism as the virtues of other species are the operative values...the virtues which are the human operative values...of survival value to the organism and thus genetically based and product of evolutionary process. virtues and love for human solidarity required for human survival as a social species which depends on mutual assistance and cooperation of the members of the species...

 EVOLUTION OF CONSCIENCE... Evolution of 'ethical' behavior can be explained in terms of a natural selection process. The 'evolution of ethics' is a component of the evolution of growth processes and the psychology of development. The process of individual psychological development can be explained in terms of survival value of intelligent and 'moral' or 'ethical' behavior. Explained in biological terms - in terms of the natural evolutionary process and natural selection - the origins of 'ethics' could be defined in terms of the 'evolution of ethics' as evolution of conscience... As the natural biological organismic valuing process is an aspect of the biologically based developmental process, then the 'evolution of ethics' is a part of the evolution of normal human development. ... the philosophical analysis of 'virtue' becomes equivalent to the biological analysis of social values. The term 'evolution of ethics' implies the survival value of ethics in the evolution of the human organism. An evolutionary approach to the study of ethics is concerned with the biological evolution of genetics. The understanding of the development of morality depends on the understanding of the human being as a social organism. Survival of the human organism as a social organism ( and the human species) depends on the natural human capacity for cooperation with other individuals of the human species. The human capacity for cooperation with other human individuals is dependent on the fully integrated human personality manifest in the fully developed human conscience...conscience is necessary for survival ... the human organism depends for survival on the successful functioning of the individual as a social organism ... as a social organism the human organism depends on effective decision making for adaptive behaviour in a changing social environment...depends on the ability to make correct evaluations of a changing social environment... in order to make the right choices for survival the human organism depends on the understanding of the realities of the social environment... correct evaluation of the social environment depends on normal functioning of the brain's natural capacity for social intelligence ...on intelligent moral value choices and therefore on the fully developed human conscience...correct evaluations depend on natural human interdependence... ...survival value of morality and conscience: human values originate in the genetic makeup of the human species....human moral development and evolution of the concept of 'justice' ...the human genotype for moral development ...manifest in the natural unfolding of human potentialities in normal human development during which the natural norms for ethical living are discovered according to the laws of nature. The human conscience is a biological mechanism which is the product of evolutionary processes.... The human conscience is the product of evolutionary processes... The human conscience evolved through the process of natural selection. conscience evolved through natural selection as a result of its survival value to the human organism's need to adapt to a complex social environment. ... ...the human conscience evolved as a mechanism for the integration of personality and character in a changing social environment. ...of survival value to the human organism as a social organism, the human conscience evolved as a biological mechanism for the preservation of personal integrity, the function of the conscience is the successful adaptation of the human organism to changing social conditions. Development of the human conscience is necessary for the survival of the human organism in a complex social environment and the human species in a complex intercultural environment. The human conscience is the guardian of the integration of the human personality. ...guardian of the integration of personality and character ...for the maintenance of the integrated personality ...in a complex social environment... the function of the conscience is the successful adaptation of the human organism to changing social conditions... biologically based intrinsic valuing system... The conscience is the basis of the valuing process intrinsic to the human organism... The human conscience is the core of human values, 'virtues', which have evolved through natural selection as a result of its survival value to the need to adapt to a complex social environment. ... deepest needs ...the virtues...self-interest for survival... natural responsibility to his own biological and psychological existence and self-actualization constitutes the ethical value called 'virtue.' Virtues are of survival value for the social human organism. Virtues and the value life are of survival value and therefore biologically based.... 'Virtues' are the human attributes which are of value to the individual as a social organism in a social environment ...human attributes for adaptation to the social environment are the same as the human values called 'virtues'... 'virtues' are operative values. Creativeness, spontaneity, self-hood, authenticity, caring for others, being able to love, yearning for truth, embryonic potentialities belonging to his species-membership as much as his arms and legs and brain and eyes. This is not a contradiction to the data already amassed which show clearly that living in a family and in a culture are absolutely necessary to actualize what already exists in the embryo. The culture is sun, food and water. The child is the seed. Biological function of the human conscience...the 'conscience' is the biological mechanism for the integration and preservation of the human personality. The conscience is the natural expression of a biologically based interest in the properly integrated functioning of the whole personality - the guardian of the individual's true self-interest. Conscience is the 'guardian of integrity' necessary for self-preservation and self-actualization... Human values originate in the genetic makeup of the human species. Ethics are values - operative values are organismic values. Biologically based value system is the intrinsic valuing system based on the full development of the conscience. The human conscience is the core of human values which have evolved through natural selection as a result of its survival value to the human organism's need to adapt to a complex social environment. The human conscience is a biologically based intrinsic valuing system which is developed as a protection for the integrated human organism. The human conscience is the human 'spirit... Human 'spirit' is the human conscience... The human organism depends on the conscience - the 'spirit - for survival of the individual organism and survival of the species. The human conscience is the basis of human spiritual values. Normal psychological growth involves the development of a natural valuing process which is manifest in the proper development of the human conscience. The development of the intrinsic valuing process is a function of the development of the human conscience. This natural responsibility to his own biological and psychological existence and self-actualization constitutes the ethical value called 'virtue.' Virtues are of survival value for the social human organism. Virtues and the value life are of survival value and therefore biologically based....thus the philosophical analysis of 'virtue' becomes equivalent to the biological analysis of social values. So-called 'virtues' are operative values. 'Virtues' are the human attributes which are of value to the individual as a social organism in a social environment ...human attributes for adaptation to the social environment are the same as the human values called 'virtues'. Evolution of 'ethical' behavior can be explained in terms of a natural selection process. The term 'evolution of ethics' implies the survival value of ethics in the evolution of the human organism. An evolutionary approach to the study of ethics is concerned with the biological evolution of genetics. As the natural biological organismic valuing process is an aspect of the biologically based developmental process, then the 'evolution of ethics' is a part of the evolution of normal human development. The understanding of the development of morality depends on the understanding of the human being as a social organism. Survival of the human organism as a social organism ( and the human species) depends on the natural human capacity for cooperation with other individuals of the human species. The human capacity for cooperation with other human individuals is dependent on the fully integrated human personality manifest in the fully developed human conscience...conscience is necessary for survival ... the human organism depends for survival on the successful functioning of the individual as a social organism ... as a social organism the human organism depends on effective decision making for adaptive behaviour in a changing social environment...depends on the ability to make correct evaluations of a changing social environment... in order to make the right choices for survival the human organism depends on the understanding of the realities of the social environment... correct evaluation of the social environment depends on normal functioning of the brain's natural capacity for social intelligence ...on intelligent moral value choices and therefore on the fully developed human conscience...correct evaluations depend on natural human interdependence... ...survival value of morality and conscience: human values originate in the genetic makeup of the human species....human moral development and evolution of the concept of 'justice' ...the human genotype for moral development .The human conscience is the product of evolutionary processes. The human conscience evolved through the process of natural selection. Of survival value to the human organism as a social organism, the human conscience evolved as a mechanism for the integration of personality and character in a changing social environment. As a biological mechanism for the preservation of personal integrity, the function of the conscience is the successful adaptation of the human organism to changing social conditions. 

 Conscience as the product of evolutionary processes. Man has a 'natural personality' which is basically good. Social mores evolved in accordance with basic biological needs and environmental contingencies by a process analagous to 'natural selection'. The hierarchy of needs in terms of urgency or 'potency'... classification of 'lower' psychological needs for self-esteem - 'ego-needs' - and 'higher' psychological needs for growth - spiritual needs or 'metaneeds'... Being-values of truth, beauty, self-transcendance as in philosophy, religion, music, art etc. The failure to satisfy metaneeds may result in forms of pathology ('metapathology') analagous to those resulting from unsatisfied lower needs.The religious and philosophical facets of life are as real and intrinsic to human nature as any of the obviously biological ones.

The conscience is the basis of the valuing process intrinsic to the human organism. As a biological mechanism for personality integration, the human conscience is the product of evolutionary processes. Of survival value to the human organism as a social organism, the human conscience evolved as a mechanism for the integration of personality and character in a changing social environment.

The human conscience is the core of human values which have evolved through natural selection as a result of its survival value to the human organism's need to adapt to a complex social environment. The human conscience is the biological mechanism for the maintenance of the integration of the human personality in a complex social environment. The human conscience is a biologically based intrinsic valuing system which is developed as a protection for the integrated personality of the human organism. The human organism depends on the conscience for survival of the individual organism and survival of the species.

Development of the human conscience is necessary for the survival of the human organism in a complex social environment and the human species in a complex intercultural environment.

Normal psychological growth involves the development of a natural valuing process which is manifest in the proper development of the human conscience. The development of the intrinsic valuing process is a function of the development of the human conscience. This natural responsibility to his own biological and psychological existence and self-actualization constitutes the ethical value called 'virtue.' Virtues are of survival value for the social human organism. Virtues and the value life are of survival value and therefore biologically based....thus the philosophical analysis of 'virtue' becomes equivalent to the biological analysis of social values. So-called 'virtues' are operative values. 'Virtues' are the human attributes which are of value to the individual as a social organism in a social environment ...human attributes for adaptation to the social environment are the same as the human values called 'virtues'. Evolution of 'ethical' behavior can be explained in terms of a natural selection process. The term 'evolution of ethics' implies the survival value of ethics in the evolution of the human organism. An evolutionary approach to the study of ethics is concerned with the biological evolution of genetics. The understanding of the development of morality depends on the understanding of the human being as a social organism. Survival of the human organism as a social organism ( and the human species) depends on the natural human capacity for cooperation with other individuals of the human species. The human capacity for cooperation with other human individuals is dependent on the fully integrated human personality manifest in the fully developed human conscience...conscience is necessary for survival ... the human organism depends for survival on the successful functioning of the individual as a social organism ... as a social organism the human organism depends on effective decision making for adaptive behaviour in a changing social environment... epends on the ability to make correct evaluations of a changing social environment... in order to make the right choices for survival the human organism depends on the understanding of the realities of the social environment... correct evaluation of the social environment depends on normal functioning of the brain's natural capacity for social intelligence ...on intelligent moral value choices and therefore on the fully developed human conscience...correct evaluations depend on natural human interdependence... link: evolution of the conscience The 'evolution of ethics' is a component of the evolution of growth processes and the psychology of development. The process of individual psychological development can be explained in terms of survival value of intelligent and 'moral' or 'ethical' behavior. Explained in biological terms - in terms of the natural evolutionary process and natural selection - the origins of 'ethics' could be defined in terms of the 'evolution of ethics' as evolution of conscience... As the natural biological organismic valuing process is an aspect of the biologically based developmental process, then the 'evolution of ethics' is a part of the evolution of normal human development... evolution of ethics is evolution of conscience... The human conscience is a biological mechanism which is the product of evolutionary processes... The human conscience evolved through the process of natural selection as a result of its survival value to the human organism's need to adapt to a complex social environment. ... Of survival value to the human organism as a social organism, the human conscience ...evolved as a flexible biological protective mechanism for the integration of human personality and character in a changing social environment..... biological mechanism for the preservation of personal integrity, the function of the conscience is the successful adaptation of the human organism to changing social conditions. As a biological mechanism for personality integration, the human conscience is the product of evolutionary processes... evolved through the process of natural selection. Development of the human conscience is necessary for the survival of the human organism in a complex social environment and the human species in a complex intercultural environment. healthy society and culture...

EVOLUTION OF THE CONSCIENCE conscience as 'moral consciousness' is an emergent property of the human brain- a soàcial brain...

 theme: the evolution of the conscience is a function of the evolution of the social brain... human values are social values... How is it that the unconscious part of the mind possesses all this knowledge? survival of a social species depends on consciousness of social values... The philosophical analysis of 'virtues' becomes equivalent to the biological analysis of the social values...The biological function of virtues and the value life is the preservation of the integrity of the human being as a social organism.. ...the biology of the human organism as a social organism... biological basis of human values... Like other species of the animal kingdom, the human organism behaves according to an organismic valuing process which enables it to adapt to a changing environment. The individual is instinctively responsible to itself for its own potential development or 'self-actualization.' ...accurate evaluation of the social environment depends on fully developed... integrated personality with mature conscience... The normal development of the natural valuing process results in the complete development of the conscience. Survival of the human organism and the human species depends on the natural human capacity for cooperation with other individuals of the human species. The human capacity for cooperation with other human individuals is dependent on the integration of the whole human personality. Survival of the human organism as a social organism is dependent of the fully integrated personality and fully developed human conscience. Fully developed conscience is the manifestation of the fully integrated personality. Conscience is the 'voice' of the natural intrinsic valuing process. Conscience is the guide for human behavior in a changing social environment. Darwinian evolutionary doctrine applied to human society: For all animal species the skills required for survival are instinctive and genetically transmitted. Survival of the human species depends on the genetic transmission of the instinctive capacities for creative intelligence and symbolic communication. Human evolution is based on the genetic transmission of cognitive and communicative skills: the ability to communicate with language, the ability to learn, the ability to think logically and creatively, the ability to plan with foresight, and the ability to behave intelligently. Creative intelligence is a human characteristic which evolved because it had survival value both for the individual and for the species. Survival of the organism and evolution of the human species depends on the development of natural creative intelligence. Survival of the species depends on intelligent behavior coupled with the ability for speech and language. The development of both intelligent behavior and language enables the organism to prepare in advance for situations which requires preparative measures to insure the survival of the organism ..the evolution of morality in accordance with basic biological needs and environmental contingencies by a process of natural selection... inborn biological necessity and basic human needs... human nature... involves both intellectual and moral development... Morality is a function of normal human development in the context of inner freedom... Morality is a function of intelligence ..Moral development and intellectual development take place together...'cognitive-developental theory of learning conscience is a biological phenomenon like growth, digestion and so on ... The aim of human development is happiness. Happiness is not the reward of virtue but is virtue itself. Normal psychological growth involves the development of a natural valuing process which is manifest in the proper development of the human conscience. Of survival value to the human organism as a social organism, the human conscience evolved as a mechanism for the integration of personality and character in a changing social environment. The development of the intrinsic valuing process is a function of the development of the human conscience. conscience required for decision making process of the organism... conscience as a system of human values.. Human values originate in the genetic makeup of the human species. Ethics are values - operative values are organismic values. Biologically based value system is the intrinsic valuing system based on the full development of the conscience. Normal psychological growth involves the development of a natural valuing process which is manifest in the proper development of the human conscience. The development of the intrinsic valuing process is a function of the development of the human conscience. This natural responsibility to his own biological and psychological existence and self-actualization constitutes the ethical value called 'virtue.' Virtues are of survival value for the social human organism. Virtues and the value life are of survival value and therefore biologically based....thus the philosophical analysis of 'virtue' becomes equivalent to the biological analysis of social values. So-called 'virtues' are operative values. 'Virtues' are the human attributes which are of value to the individual as a social organism in a social environment ...human attributes for adaptation to the social environment are the same as the human values called 'virtues'. Evolution of 'ethical' behavior can be explained in terms of a natural selection process. The term 'evolution of ethics' implies the survival value of ethics in the evolution of the human organism. An evolutionary approach to the study of ethics is concerned with the biological evolution of genetics. As the natural biological organismic valuing process is an aspect of the biologically based developmental process, then the 'evolution of ethics' is a part of the evolution of normal human development. The understanding of the development of morality depends on the understanding of the human being as a social organism. Survival of the human organism as a social organism ( and the human species) depends on the natural human capacity for cooperation with other individuals of the human species. The human capacity for cooperation with other human individuals is dependent on the fully integrated human personality manifest in the fully developed human conscience...conscience is necessary for survival ... the human organism depends for survival on the successful functioning of the individual as a social organism ... as a social organism the human organism depends on effective decision making for adaptive behaviour in a changing social environment...depends on the ability to make correct evaluations of a changing social environment... in order to make the right choices for survival the human organism depends on the understanding of the realities of the social environment... correct evaluation of the social environment depends on normal functioning of the brain's natural capacity for social intelligence ...on intelligent moral value choices and therefore on the fully developed human conscience...correct evaluations depend on natural human interdependence... ...survival value of morality and conscience: human values originate in the genetic makeup of the human species....human moral development and evolution of the concept of 'justice' ...the human genotype for moral development .The human conscience is the product of evolutionary processes. The human conscience evolved through the process of natural selection. Of survival value to the human organism as a social organism, the human conscience evolved as a mechanism for the integration of personality and character in a changing social environment. As a biological mechanism for the preservation of personal integrity, the function of the conscience is the successful adaptation of the human organism to changing social conditions. 

SURVIVAL VALUE OF CONSCIENCE IN HUMAN EVOLUTION OR CONSCIENCE AS MORALITY OR 'SOCIAL INTELLIGENCE'

The word 'conscience' is derived from the Latin word 'conscientia' meaning 'knowledge within oneself' i.e. knowledge within that part of the mind which is common to all humanity - the 'unconscious'. The conscience is the source of the natural knowledge of human values ... 'divine' values. The guide for human behavior in a changing social environment... based on the unconscious perception of human nature, the human intrinsic conscience is the 'voice' of the natural valuing process within the human organism - the organismic valuing process...the normal development of the natural valuing process results in the complete development of the human conscience... The human conscience is the human 'spirit'. The 'conscience' is moral consciousness or 'social intelligence'.. Moral consciousness or 'conscience' is necessary for survival of the human organism. The conscience is a biologically based protective mechanism for the integrated personality of the human organism. As a biological mechanism for personality integration, the human conscience is the product of evolutionary process of natural selection. The conscience evolved as a mechanism for the successful adaptation of the human organism as a social organism to the complexities of changing social conditions... the source of guiding values for the preservation of personal integrity.

How is it that the unconscious part of the mind possesses all this knowledge? The human organism depends on the conscience for survival of the individual organism as a social organism and of the human species which depends for survival on social cooperation. As a biological species, the human species is genetically endowed with instinctive drives for adaptation and survival of the individual and for continuation of survival of the species. The human organism depends for survival on the conscience... the ability to make correct evaluations of a changing social environment. 

SOCIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HUMAN EVOLUTION Survival of the human organism and of the human species depends on intelligent social behavior i.e. 'social intelligence'. Intelligent behavior is necessary for survival. The evolution of the human species as a social species results from natural selection of a capacities for 'social intelligence'. Successful adaptation to changing social conditions depends on the development of social intelligence. The human brain is a social brain with the special capacity for making correct evaluations of changing social realities. As a social brain, the human brain automatically evaluates the realities of the social environment. The social human organism depends for survival on intelligent behavior... on the innate ability to evaluate correctly the social environment in order to make the right choices ... the right decisions for survival. With intense interest in reality, the social brain is affected and stimulated emotionally and intellectually, subconsciously and consciously involved with the process of understanding the realities of the social environment. The extent of understanding is a function of the degree of accuracy in the evaluation of the social environment. The development of conscience is the development of awareness of natural knowledge in the unconscious mind, the 'subconscious'...spiritual growth is the development of moral consciousness and conscience...source of morality... morality and intelligence... moral intelligence or social intelligence.... Intelligent social behaviour depends on specialized functions of a 'social brain' ..in the evolution of the human species as a social species... natural selection of a brain with capacities for 'social intelligence'... instinctive capacities for correct evaluation of the social environment. With intense interest in the environment, the social brain is stimulated emotionally and intellectually, subconsciously and consciously in a process of trying to understand the complexities of a social reality. Social intelligence is the prerequisite for health which results from nondistorted perception of reality which does not perceive dichotomies. (see holistic health) Human fulfillment as ethical and productive living, known as 'self-realization' or 'self-actualization', is the result of a natural process of psychological human development and the development of the human conscience. The humanity of the self-actualized individual is characterized by the core of human values which are shared with other individuals of the human species. Psychological health - 'self-actualization'- is prerequisite for social intelligence and healthy society and culture. The individual human being is instinctively responsible to himself for his own potential development or 'self-actualization.' This natural responsibility to his own biological and psychological existence and self-actualization constitutes the ethical value called 'virtue.' Virtues and the value life are of survival value for the social human organism and therefore biologically based... the philosophical analysis of 'virtue' becomes equivalent to the biological analysis of social values. So-called 'virtues' are operative values. 'Virtues' are the human attributes which are of value to the individual as a social organism in a social environment ...human attributes for adaptation to the social environment are the same as the human values called 'virtues'. Survival of the species depends on intelligent behaviour requiring communication through language and the spiritual needs or values. Virtues are of survival value for the social human organism. Virtues and the value life are of survival value and therefore biologically based. The philosophical analysis of 'virtues' becomea equivalent to the biological analysis of the social values.... biologicize ethics. Biologically based value system is the intrinsic valuing system based on the full development of the conscience. The characteristic 'humanness' or 'humanity' of the human organism is based on complete development of the human conscience - human self-development and self-fulfillment ... the 'humanity' of the self-actualized individual is characterized by the core of human values which are shared with other individuals of the human species. Ethics are values - operative values are organismic values. The values for the human organism are organismic values or 'operative values' which are biologically based. They are components of the biologically based value system, the intrinsic valuing system of the human intrinsic conscience. Morality is a function of social intelligence. Development of morality is development of social intelligence. Social intelligence is morality and morality is social intelligence ...development of intelligence and morality go together A moral value choice is intelligent A value choice which is moral is socially intelligent a value choice which is socially intelligent is moral... Morally intelligent value choices are beneficial to the survival interests of the human organism and to the survival of the human species... immoral value choices are unintelligent... The social human organism depends for survival on socially intelligent behaviour on spiritual needs or 'values'. Development of the human conscience is necessary for the survival of the human organism in a complex social environment... Of survival value to the human organism as a social organism, the human conscience evolved as a mechanism for the integration of personality and character in a changing social environment. The human organism depends on the conscience for survival... of the individual organism and survival of the species... dependent on the conscience for survival, with inner freedom, the human organism obeys its own conscience... with developed human conscience the organism can see that human social situations - predicaments and dilemmas do not have the power to destroy. the characteristic 'humaness' of the human organism is based on complete development of the human conscience. The human species is essentially an exploratory species. interest in the environment depends on intrinsic conscience. Social intelligence is a human characteristic which evolved because it had survival value for the species. Survival of the organism and evolution of the human species depends on the development of social intelligence. requiring communication through language and the spiritual needs or values. ...depends on morality...morality and intelligence... different aspects of a totality. Morality is a function of social intelligence. Development of morality is development of social intelligence. Social intelligence incorporates morality and morality incorporates social intelligence. development of intelligence and morality go together ...wholistic perspective of complete cognition, no dichotomy ...Intelligence includes morality and vice versa. A moral value choice is intelligent A value choice which is moral is socially intelligent a value choice which is socially intelligent is moral.... Moral-intelligent value choices are beneficial to the survival interests of the human organism and to the survival of the human species.. an immoral value choice is unintelligent... The social human organism depends for survival on socially intelligent behaviour. The source of morality is the human conscience. Cognitive and moral development go together. Social intelligence as the basis for morality... of intrinsic valuing process. Values can be determined only in relation to the human organism's real interests for self-preservation in a changing social environment... development of morality depends on inner freedom and the productive use of human powers and potentialities or 'virtues'. Survival of the human species depends on the specialized brain functions for learning and social intelligence...human intelligence is part of the human genetic heritage... he normal development of the natural valuing process results in the complete development of the human conscience... The human organism depends on the conscience - the 'spirit - for survival of the individual organism and survival of the species. Of survival value to the human organism as a social organism, the human conscience evolved as a mechanism for the integration of personality and character in a changing social environment. The development of the intrinsic valuing process is a function of the development of the human conscience. The complete development of the intrinsic valuing system coincides with the full development of the human conscience. Development of the human conscience is necessary for successful adaptation and survival of the human organism in a complex social environment to changing social conditions... and the human species in a complex intercultural environment. The values for the human organism are organismic values or 'operative values' which are biologically based. They are components of the biologically based value system, the intrinsic valuing system of the human organism. Known as self-realization or self-actualization, human fulfillment as ethical and productive living is the result of natural process of psychological human development and the development of the human conscience. the humanity of the self-actualized individual is characterized by the core of human values which are shared with other individuals of the human species... Developed conscience is wholistic perception of reality - is a function of sanity - necessary for correct evaluation of the social environment - eliminates distorted perception of reality and dichotamous perception of human values - incorrect perception of reality -'insanity'.

the less productively one lives, the weaker becomes one's conscience ...decay of personality in old age is a symptom... proof of the failure of not having lived productively. The undeveloped conscience is irrational... fear of getting old is an expression of an unconscious feeling of living unproductively - a reaction of the conscience to the organism's mutilation of its own potential productiveness... in some cultures there is a greater need and therefore a higher esteem for the specific qualities of old age - such as wisdom and experience. the human organism ceaselessly strives to produce and to create because productiveness is the source of strength for the conscience... necessary for autonomous personality and moral character ...for survival in changing social conditions productiveness is source of freedom and happiness...the more productively one lives, the stronger is one's conscience and in turn, the more it furthers one's productiveness... the productive realization of human potentialities... happiness is being one with the world and preserving the integrity of the self... answer to the problem of human existence... the greatest human achievement... response of the total personality to a productive orientation...listening to oneself... Need for being alone with oneself: In order to understand the communications of one's conscience, one must approve of oneself and not have to depend on others for approval. A person must have expectations of himself. Instinctively one feels responsible for oneself. Faith in the potentialities of others depends on one's faith in one's own potentialities. Only the person who can be faithful to himself can be faithful to others

. Of survival value to the human organism as a social organism, the human conscience evolved as a mechanism for the integration of personality and character in a changing social environment. The development of the intrinsic valuing process is a function of the development of the human conscience. The complete development of the intrinsic valuing system coincides with the full development of the human conscience. Development of the human conscience is necessary for successful adaptation and survival of the human organism in a complex social environment to changing social conditions... and the human species in a complex intercultural environment.

 link:conscience evolution (evolution of 'ethics' as 'natural ethics')

SURVIVAL VALUE OF CONSCIENCE IN HUMAN EVOLUTION

theme: Moral consciousness or 'conscience' is necessary for survival of the human organism. The conscience is the source of guiding values required for the preservation of personality integration of the human organism as a social organism. The conscience evolved as a biological mechanism for the successful adaptation of the human organism to the complexities of changing social environments... flexible protective mechanism for the integrated personality of the human organism... for the integration of human personality and character for the preservation of personal integrity ... The development of conscience is the development of awareness of natural knowledge in the unconscious mind, the 'subconscious'... How is it that the unconscious part of the mind possesses all this knowledge? The human organism depends on the conscience for survival of the individual organism as a social organism and of the human species which depends for survival on social cooperation. Survival of the human organism depends on the ability to make correct evaluations of a changing social environment. Like all other biological species, the human species is genetically endowed with instinctive drives for adaptation and survival of the individual and for continuation of survival of the species.

 The human organism depends for survival on the conscience... spiritual growth is the development of consciousness and conscience...source of morality...morality and intelligence... moral intelligence or social intelligence.... Human fulfillment as ethical and productive living, known as 'self-realization' or 'self-actualization', is the result of a natural process of psychological human development and the development of the human conscience. The humanity of the self-actualized individual is characterized by the core of human values which are shared with other individuals of the human species. Psychological health - 'self-actualization'- is prerequisite for social intelligence and healthy society and culture. Biologically based value system is the intrinsic valuing system based on the full development of the conscience. The characteristic 'humanness' or 'humanity' of the human organism is based on complete development of the human conscience - human self-development and self-fulfillment ... the 'humanity' of the self-actualized individual is characterized by the core of human values which are shared with other individuals of the human species.

 Ethics are values - organismic values or  'operative values'. Operative values are biologically based. They are components of the biologically based value system, the intrinsic valuing system of the human intrinsic conscience. Development of the human conscience is necessary for the survival of the human organism in a complex social environment... Of survival value to the human organism as a social organism, the human conscience evolved as a mechanism for the integration of personality and character in a changing social environment. The human organism depends on the conscience for survival... of the individual organism and survival of the species... dependent on the conscience for survival, with inner freedom, the human organism obeys its own conscience... with developed human conscience the organism can see that human social situations - predicaments and dilemmas do not have the power to destroy. the characteristic 'humaness' of the human organism is based on complete development of the human conscience. Social intelligence is a human characteristic which evolved because it had survival value for the species. Survival of the organism and evolution of the human species depends on the development of social intelligence. requiring communication through language and the spiritual needs or values. ...depends on morality...morality and intelligence... different aspects of a totality.

 Morality is a function of social intelligence.

Development of morality is development of social intelligence. development of intelligence and morality go together ...wholistic perspective of complete cognition, no dichotomy ...Intelligence includes morality and vice versa. A moral value choice is intelligent A value choice which is moral is socially intelligent a value choice which is socially intelligent is moral.... Moral-intelligent value choices are beneficial to the survival interests of the human organism and to the survival of the human species.. an immoral value choice is unintelligent... The social human organism depends for survival on socially intelligent behaviour. The source of morality is the human conscience. Cognitive and moral development go together. Social intelligence as the basis for morality... of intrinsic valuing process. Values can be determined only in relation to the human organism's real interests for self-preservation in a changing social environment...

development of morality depends on inner freedom and the productive use of human powers and potentialities or 'virtues'. Survival of the human species depends on the specialized brain functions for learning and social intelligence...human intelligence is part of the human genetic heritage... he normal development of the natural valuing process results in the complete development of the human conscience... The human organism depends on the conscience - the 'human spirit' or 'soul'- for survival of the individual organism and survival of the species

 Of survival value to the human organism as a social organism, the human conscience evolved as a mechanism for the integration of personality and character in a changing social environment. The development of the intrinsic valuing process is a function of the development of the human conscience. The complete development of the intrinsic valuing system coincides with the full development of the human conscience. Development of the human conscience is necessary for successful adaptation and survival of the human organism in a complex social environment to changing social conditions... and the human species in a complex intercultural environment. .

 Known as self-realization or self-actualization, human fulfillment as ethical and productive living is the result of natural process of psychological human development and the development of the human conscience. the humanity of the self-actualized individual is characterized by the core of human values which are shared with other individuals of the human species... As a biological mechanism for personality integration, the human conscience is the product of evolutionary processes. The human conscience evolved through the process of natural selection.  Developed conscience is wholistic perception of reality - is a function of sanity - necessary for correct evaluation of the social environment - eliminates distorted perception of reality and dichotomous perception of human values - incorrect perception of reality -'unsane'.

The values for the human organism are organismic values or 'operative values' which are biologically based. They are components of the biologically based value system, the intrinsic valuing system of the human organism.

Normal psychological growth involves the development of a natural valuing process which is manifest in the proper development of the human conscience. The development of the intrinsic valuing process is a function of the development of the human conscience. This natural responsibility to his own biological and psychological existence and self-actualization constitutes the ethical value called 'virtue.' Virtues are of survival value for the social human organism. Virtues and the value life are of survival value and therefore biologically based....thus the philosophical analysis of 'virtue' becomes equivalent to the biological analysis of social values. So-called 'virtues' are operative values. 'Virtues' are the human attributes which are of value to the individual as a social organism in a social environment ...human attributes for adaptation to the social environment are the same as the human values called 'virtues'..The biological function of virtues and the value life is the preservation of the integrity of the human being as a social organism.. .

 Evolution of 'ethical' behavior can be explained in terms of a natural selection process. The term 'evolution of ethics' implies the survival value of ethics in the evolution of the human organism. An evolutionary approach to the study of ethics is concerned with the biological evolution of conscience.

 The understanding of the development of morality depends on the understanding of the human being as a social organism. Survival of the human organism as a social organism ( and the human species) depends on the natural human capacity for cooperation with other individuals of the human species. The human capacity for cooperation with other human individuals is dependent on the fully integrated human personality manifest in the fully developed human conscience...conscience is necessary for survival ... the human organism depends for survival on the successful functioning of the individual as a social organism ... as a social organism the human organism depends on effective decision making for adaptive behaviour in a changing social environment... depends on the ability to make correct evaluations of a changing social environment... in order to make the right choices for survival the human organism depends on the understanding of the realities of the social environment... correct evaluation of the social environment depends on normal functioning of the brain's natural capacity for social intelligence ...on intelligent moral value choices and therefore on the fully developed human conscience...correct evaluations depend on natural human interdependence...

 'Evolution of ethics' as evolution of conscience. Explained in biological terms - in terms of the natural evolutionary process and natural selection - the origins of 'ethics' could be defined in terms of the evolution of ethics as evolution of conscience..

The 'evolution of ethics' is a component of the evolution of growth processes and the psychology of development. The process of individual psychological development can be explained in terms of survival value of intelligent and 'moral' or 'ethical' behavior. . As the natural biological organismic valuing process is an aspect of the biologically based developmental process, then the 'evolution of ethics' is a part of the evolution of normal human development.... The human conscience is a biological mechanism which is the product of evolutionary processes... The human conscience evolved through the process of natural selection as a result of its survival value to the human organism's need to adapt to a complex social environment. ... Of survival value to the human organism as a social organism, the human conscience ...evolved as a flexible biological protective mechanism for the integration of human personality and character in a changing social environment..... biological mechanism for the preservation of personal integrity, the function of the conscience is the successful adaptation of the human organism to changing social conditions. As a biological mechanism for personality integration, the human conscience is the product of evolutionary processes... evolved through the process of natural selection. Development of the human conscience is necessary for the survival of the human organism in a complex social environment and the human species in a complex intercultural environment. healthy society and culture...

The evolution of the conscience is a function of the evolution of the social brain... human values are social values...

 How is it that the unconscious part of the mind possesses all this knowledge?

 survival of a social species depends on consciousness of social values... ..the biology of the human organism as a social organism... biological basis of human values... Like other species of the animal kingdom, the human organism behaves according to an organismic valuing process which enables it to adapt to a changing environment. The individual is instinctively responsible to itself for its own potential development or 'self-actualization.' ...accurate evaluation of the social environment depends on fully developed... integrated personality with mature conscience... The normal development of the natural valuing process results in the complete development of the conscience. Survival of the human organism and the human species depends on the natural human capacity for cooperation with other individuals of the human species. The human capacity for cooperation with other human individuals is dependent on the integration of the whole human personality. Survival of the human organism as a social organism is dependent of the fully integrated personality and fully developed human conscience. Fully developed conscience is the manifestation of the fully integrated personality. Conscience is the 'voice' of the natural intrinsic valuing process. Conscience is the guide for human behavior in a changing social environment. Darwinian evolutionary doctrine applied to human society: For all animal species the skills required for survival are instinctive and genetically transmitted. Survival of the human species depends on the genetic transmission of the instinctive capacities for creative intelligence and symbolic communication. Human evolution is based on the genetic transmission of cognitive and communicative skills: the ability to communicate with language, the ability to learn, the ability to think logically and creatively, the ability to plan with foresight, and the ability to behave intelligently. Creative intelligence is a human characteristic which evolved because it had survival value both for the individual and for the species. Survival of the organism and evolution of the human species depends on the development of natural creative intelligence. Survival of the species depends on intelligent behavior coupled with the ability for speech and language. The development of both intelligent behavior and language enables the organism to prepare in advance for situations which requires preparative measures to insure the survival of the organism ..the evolution of morality in accordance with basic biological needs and environmental contingencies by a process of natural selection... inborn biological necessity and basic human needs... human nature... involves both intellectual and moral development..

. Morality is a function of normal human development in the context of inner freedom... Morality is a function of intelligence ..Moral development and intellectual development take place together...'cognitive-developental theory of learning conscience is a biological phenomenon like growth, digestion and so on ... The aim of human development is happiness. Happiness is not the reward of virtue but is virtue itself. Normal psychological growth involves the development of a natural valuing process which is manifest in the proper development of the human conscience. Of survival value to the human organism as a social organism, the human conscience evolved as a mechanism for the integration of personality and character in a changing social environment. The development of the intrinsic valuing process is a function of the development of the human conscience. conscience required for decision making process of the organism... conscience as a system of human values.. Human values originate in the genetic makeup of the human species. Ethics are values - operative values are organismic values. Biologically based value system is the intrinsic valuing system based on the full development of the conscience. Normal psychological growth involves the development of a natural valuing process which is manifest in the proper development of the human conscience. The development of the intrinsic valuing process is a function of the development of the human conscience.

This natural responsibility to his own biological and psychological existence and self-actualization constitutes the ethical value called 'virtue.' Virtues are of survival value for the social human organism. Virtues and the value life are of survival value and therefore biologically based....thus the philosophical analysis of 'virtue' becomes equivalent to the biological analysis of social values. So-called 'virtues' are operative values. 'Virtues' are the human attributes which are of value to the individual as a social organism in a social environment ...human attributes for adaptation to the social environment are the same as the human values called 'virtues'. Evolution of 'ethical' behavior can be explained in terms of a natural selection process. The term 'evolution of ethics' implies the survival value of ethics in the evolution of the human organism. An evolutionary approach to the study of ethics is concerned with the biological evolution of ethics. As the natural biological organismic valuing process is an aspect of the biologically based developmental process, then the 'evolution of ethics' is a part of the evolution of normal human development.

 The understanding of the development of morality depends on the understanding of the human being as a social organism. Survival of the human organism as a social organism (and the human species) depends on the natural human capacity for cooperation with other individuals of the human species. The human capacity for cooperation with other human individuals is dependent on the fully integrated human personality manifest in the fully developed human conscience...conscience is necessary for survival ... the human organism depends for survival on the successful functioning of the individual as a social organism ... as a social organism the human organism depends on effective decision making for adaptive behaviour in a changing social environment...depends on the ability to make correct evaluations of a changing social environment... in order to make the right choices for survival the human organism depends on the understanding of the realities of the social environment... correct evaluation of the social environment depends on normal functioning of the brain's natural capacity for social intelligence ...on intelligent moral value choices and therefore on the fully developed human conscience...correct evaluations depend on natural human interdependence... ...survival value of morality and conscience: human values originate in the genetic makeup of the human species....human moral development and evolution of the concept of 'justice' ...the human genotype for moral development .The human conscience is the product of evolutionary processes. The human conscience evolved through the process of natural selection. Of survival value to the human organism as a social organism, the human conscience evolved as a mechanism for the integration of personality and character in a changing social environment. As a biological mechanism for the preservation of personal integrity, the function of the conscience is the successful adaptation of the human organism to changing social conditions.

 Of survival value to the human organism as a social organism, the human conscience evolved as a mechanism for the integration of personality and character in a changing social environment. The development of the intrinsic valuing process is a function of the development of the human conscience. The complete development of the intrinsic valuing system coincides with the full development of the human conscience. Development of the human conscience is necessary for successful adaptation and survival of the human organism in a complex social environment to changing social conditions... and the human species in a complex intercultural environment.